Buahbuahan. Buah-buahan merupakan sumber berbagai vitamin (A, B, B1, B6, C), mineral dan serat pangan. Sebagian vitamin, mineral yang terkandung dalam buah-buahan berperan sebagai anti oksidan. Buah = 150 g pepaya = 2 potong sedang. = 2 buah jeruk sedang (110 g) = 1 buah kecil pisang ambon (50 g) Kulit bersisik dan mengelupas Belah jeruk purut tua menjadi dua bagian. Gosokkan pada kulit yang bersisik, kering, dan mudah mengelupas di kulit kepala atau bagian lain dari tubuh. Lakukan satu kali sehari, malam sebelum tidur. • Mewangikan rambut kepala Cuci 1 buah jeruk purut masak sampai bersih, lalu parut. Cucipiring pakai sarung tangan karet agar kulit tidak bersentuhan langsung dengan sabun cuci piring dan sponsnya. Untuk meredakan rasa nyeri dan tidak nyaman, kompres dingin pada daerah kulit yang iritasi sebelum anda menggunakan krim pelembap Krim kortikosteroid yang dijual bebas di apotek bisa digunakan untuk meredakan iritasi. PEMANFAATANLIMBAH KULIT SINGKONG SEBAGAI PELUANG USAHA "KEKUSI"-KERIPIK KULIT SINGKONG 16 WARIH RIBUT NURWIGATI Kegunaan Sepingan Kayu Sebagai Sajadah dan Tikar Di Desa Rejuno Kecamatan Karangjati Kabupaten JERUK MEDAN DALAM KEMASAN) 88 Azizah Halimah Bisnis Lulur Bening Indonesia Natural Pembersih Kulit Wajah Ingredientsabun cuci baju bayi yang aman ini sebagian besar pakai dedaunan bebas unsur kimia. Contohnya minyak tanaman, ekstrak esensial yang digunakan sebagai pengganti bahan pengawet yakni petroleum jelly dan mineral oil. Buds Baby Safe Laundry tangguh hilangkan noda membandel, namun tetap lembut di kulit buah hati. Vay Tiền Nhanh Ggads. Citrus aurantifolia lime is the natural ingredients having potential activity as an antiseptic. Thisstudy aimed to formulate a hand wash liquid soap with active ingredients lime juice and to evaluate its antisepticactivity. Three different formulas Formula I, Formula II, and Formula III, with a concentration of lime juice 20,30, and 40%, respectively were evaluated for their pH, visual appearance, density, and viscosity. Antiseptic activitytest was carried out using the replica method. The result showed that lime juice hand wash soap had a transparent,homogen, pale yellow color, and lime odor. Viscosity and pH of the preparation did not meet the criteriaof SNI National Standart of Indonesia. Moreover, the results showed that an increased of lime juice concentrationimplied a significant decrease in viscosity and pH of the lime juice hand wash. Antiseptic activity test was indicatedby the percentage of bacterial reduction. The percentage of bacterial reduction for Formula I, II, and IIIwere and respectively. Statistical evaluation using one-way Anova α = followed byLSD showed the percentage of bacterial reduction in three formulas were significantly different compared tothe control formula percentage of bacterial reduction = However, when the result were comparedto the positive control percentage of bacterial reduction = there was no significant difference. Discover the world's research25+ million members160+ million publication billion citationsJoin for free Media Pharmaceutica Indonesiana ¿ Vol. 1 No. 4 ¿ Desember 2017222Formulasi Sediaan Sabun Cuci Tangan Ekstrak Jeruk Nipis Citrus aurantifolia dan Efektivitasnya sebagai AntiseptikNikmatul Ikhrom Eka Jayani1,2, Kartini1,2, Nurul Basirah1ABSTRAK Citrus aurantifolia-  -  -one-wayKata Kunci Citrus aurantifolia; ABSTRACT Citrus aurantifolia lime is the natural ingredients having potential activity as an antiseptic. This study aimed to formulate a hand wash liquid soap with active ingredients lime juice and to evaluate its antiseptic activity. Three different formulas Formula I, Formula II, and Formula III, with a concentration of lime juice 20, 30, and 40%, respectively were evaluated for their pH, visual appearance, density, and viscosity. Antiseptic acti-vity test was carried out using the replica method. The result showed that lime juice hand wash soap had a trans-parent, homogen, pale yellow color, and lime odor. Viscosity and pH of the preparation did not meet the criteria of SNI National Standart of Indonesia. Moreover, the results showed that an increased of lime juice concentra--dicated by the percentage of bacterial reduction. The percentage of bacterial reduction for Formula I, II, and III were and respectively. Statistical evaluation using one-way Anova              Keywords Citrus aurantifolia; hand wash soap; physical characteristics; pH; antiseptic Artikel PenelitianKorespondensi Nikmatul Ikhrom Eka JayaniEmail Departemen Biologi Farmasi, Fakultas Farmasi Universitas Surabaya, Surabaya2 Pusat Informasi dan Pengembangan Obat Tradisional, Universitas Surabaya, Surabaya Media Pharmaceutica Indonesiana ¿ Vol. 1 No. 4 ¿ Desember 2017 2231. Pendahuluan     -                                     hesperidin, naringin, tangeretin, eriocotrin, dan          et al          -Staphy-lococcus aureuset al.        Vibrio cholera, Enterobac-ter sp, Citrobacter, dan Esherichia coli       -         2. Material dan Bahan                                  Chemicals, Cocoamide DEA cosmetic grade                  nutrient agar         Alat penelitian                    autoclaveBinder, oven Binder dan alat gelas laborato- Formulasi sabun cuci tangan jeruk nipis                  dan -           -         ad       Evaluasi sabun cuci tangan jeruk nipis                        Nikmatul Ikhrom Eka Jayani, Kartini, dan Nurul Basirah Media Pharmaceutica Indonesiana ¿ Vol. 1 No. 4 ¿ Desember 2017224      Uji efektivitas antiseptik sabun cuci tangan jeruk nipis          -    -     secara non-random sampling     simple random sampling. --sedia menjadi responden dalam penelitian, me-                                -       -               -           -dia nutrient agar dalam cawan petri hingga ter-      -       tahapan uji dengan terlebih dulu menunggu se-          Analisis data  masing-masing formula dianalisis dengan meng-one-way      -    Post Hoc Tes tDifference.3. Hasil dan pembahasanTabel 1.Bahan Jumlah %           Cocoamide DEA                      Aquadem    Formulasi Sediaan Sabun Cuci Tangan Ekstrak Jeruk Nipis Citrus aurantifolia dan Efektivitasnya sebagai Antiseptik Media Pharmaceutica Indonesiana ¿ Vol. 1 No. 4 ¿ Desember 2017 225Nikmatul Ikhrom Eka Jayani, Kartini, dan Nurul Basirah-  - in vitro      -buhan Staphylococcus epidermidis dan Staphylo-coccus aureus    Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate dan Cocoamide DEA   -                 pengamatan organoleptis sediaan dapat dilihat                                           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  Bau     Cair homogen Cair homogen Cair homogen Cair homogen                                  Critical Micelle Concentration    disebut Critical Micelle Concentration -    -      -  Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate, dimana           -      Media Pharmaceutica Indonesiana ¿ Vol. 1 No. 4 ¿ Desember 2017226                     -        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 -       -   -         -                  --Formulasi Sediaan Sabun Cuci Tangan Ekstrak Jeruk Nipis Citrus aurantifolia dan Efektivitasnya sebagai AntiseptikTabel 3.Parameter Formula Kontrol NegatifFormula I Formula II Formula III    Bobot Jenis g/ml         Media Pharmaceutica Indonesiana ¿ Vol. 1 No. 4 ¿ Desember 2017 227Nikmatul Ikhrom Eka Jayani, Kartini, dan Nurul Basirah         -et alterhadap pertumbuhan Staphylococcus aureus     -trol negatif dengan Anova one-way        -     --            lanjut dengan Post Hoc Test       -       -       - -Gambar 1. Pre TreatmentPost TreatmentGambar 2.   Media Pharmaceutica Indonesiana ¿ Vol. 1 No. 4 ¿ Desember 2017228               --        -     in vitro        --          -         -       -                  gram positif Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus sub-tilis, dan Staphylococcus epidermidis--     -Escherichia coli-    -     pada membran sel lipid bilayer, -              4. Kesimpulan     - -     -Daftar pustaka       Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca           Citrus aurantifolia       Streptococcus mutansMajalah Kedokteran Gigi              Citrus aurantifolia    Staphylococcus aureus secara In Vitro. Jurnal Kesehatan Andalas.  Vibrio         Piper betle  Majalah Farmasi Indonesia         Sabun Mandi Cair.          Formulasi Sediaan Sabun Cuci Tangan Ekstrak Jeruk Nipis Citrus aurantifolia dan Efektivitasnya sebagai Antiseptik Media Pharmaceutica Indonesiana ¿ Vol. 1 No. 4 ¿ Desember 2017 229Nikmatul Ikhrom Eka Jayani, Kartini, dan Nurul Basirah     Citrus aurantifolia    Staphylococcus aureus   PHARMACON          Citrus aurantifolia    Staphylococcus epidermidis        Citrus aurantifolia   Natural Product Communications              Citrus aurantifolia Flavour and Fagrance Journal                   CaCl The Journal of Physical Chemistry B.             Colloid Polymer Science.    Surfactans and Polymer in Drug Delivery Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences                   Pharmaceutical Press and American Pharmacists                  Bunga Pacar Air Impatiens balsamina     Staphylococcus aureus secara In Vitro                               Composition of Citrus aurantifolia  Journal of Essential Oil Research  Antimicrobial Effect of Citrus limonum and Citrus aurantiumBrazilian Oral Research. ... Pemakaian CMC Na akan meningkatkan viskositas sabun cair cuci tangan sehingga mudah ketika digunakan. Pemakaian asam stearate dapat meningkatkan konsistensi sabun cair dan merupakan asam lemak yang bisa digunakan sebagai emulgator Rowe C R et al., 2009 Jayani et al., 2018. Kedua formula sabun tersebut dapat ditambahkan ekstrak tanaman ataupun senyawa sintesis yang berfungsi sebagai antibakteri. ...... NaCl dilarutkan dalam aquadest dan ditambahkan dalam campuran 1, kemudian ditambahkan larutan nipagin dan propilenglikol lalu diaduk hingga homogen campuran 2. Campuran 2 dicek pH bila pH terlalu tinggi maka ditambahkan larutan dapar fosfat hingga pH ada pada rentang ditambahkan sisa aquadest dan diaduk hingga homogenJayani et al., 2018 Evaluasi sabun cuci tanganOrganoleptis Sabun cair diteteskan di tangan lalu diamati secara visual warna, bau dan konsistensi Berat jenis Sabun cair yang telah dibuat diukur berat jenisnya dengan menggunakan alat piknometer 5,0 mL. Adapaun cara evaluasinya adalah piknometer kosong suhu 20 o C ditimbang dan dicatat, selanjutnya sabun cair suhu 20 o C dimasukkan ke dalam piknometer dan ditimbang kembali. ...Damaranie DipahayuFitria Abbas ThalibUsaha Kecil Menengah UKM Putat Jaya Surabaya focus on soap business and has not found a standardized formula to ensure product repeatability from each time of production. Pengadian kepada Masyarakat PkM activity by Surabaya Pharmacy Academy was expected to be able to assist these UKM to share information through training on handwash liquid soap formulations that meet SNI standards. The content of this counselling not only about soap formula with and without plant oil and their formulation but also explained how to evaluate handwash liquid soap. The result of this PkM is additional knowledge for UKM Putat Jaya about handwash liquid soap formulas that met the requirements of the SNI and information of simple evaluation that can be done independently for the repeatability production. UKM Putat Jaya have been educated about handwash liquid soap that meets SNI standart.... Hal tersebut sejalan pula dengan hasil penelitian yang telah dilakukan oleh Fatonah et al., 2022 yang membuktikan bahwa sabun mandi cair probiotik yang berbahan aktif larutan fermentasi kombucha bunga telang Clitoria ternatea L pada konsenterasi 40% merupakan perlakuan terbaik dalam menghambat pertumbuhan bakteri Hasil penelitian yang dilakukan oleh Ma'ruf et al., 2022 pun telah membuktikan bahwa sabun cuci piring yang berbahan aktif larutan fermentasi kombucha bunga telang Clitoria ternatea L pada konsentrasi 40% merupakan perlakuan terbaik dalam menghambat pertumbuhan bakteri gram positif maupun khasiat sebagai antibakteri, antioksidan, dan antikanker pada kombucha yang berpotensi sebagai bahan aktif obat maupun kosmetik halal dalam perspektif bioteknologi tentunya perlu dikaji dari setiap karakteristik fisik nya berdasarkan SNI Standar Nasional Indonesia. Misalnya pada sediaaan sabun cuci tangan pH yang ideal adalah 6 sampai 8. Tinggi busa berkisar antara 13 sampai 330 cm, kekentalan atau visikositas adalah 500 sampai cPJayani et al., 2017. Penelitian ini merupakan tahap awal dalam memanfaatkan larutan fermentasi kombucha bunga telang yang akan dijadikan sebagai bahan aktif kosmetik khususnya sabun cair cuci tangan. ...Firman RezaldiTelang flower kombucha fermentation has antibacterial, antioxidant, and anticancer properties so that it has the potential to make probiotic hand soap preparations. Telang flower kombucha fermentation biotechnology as the active ingredient. The work procedure carried out is phytochemical screening and making hand soap preparations. The results showed that the fermented kombucha solution of telang flower contained secondary metabolites from the alkaloid, flavonoid, and saponin groups. Soap preparations were seen prominently on the soap base which was added with fermented kombucha solution of telang flower which indicated the presence of stable anthocyanin content. Telang flower kombucha has the potential to be used as a probiotic hand soap preparation, but it is necessary to evaluate the physical preparation and the antibacterial activity of both gram-positive and gram-negative pathogens. Keywword Probiotics, antimicrobials, butterfly pea... Pengembangan sabun cuci tangan sebagai antiseptik telah banyak dilakukan dengan berbagai zat aktif kimia. Penyediaan sabun cuci tangan yang memanfaatkan bahan alam sebagai bahan aktif dapat dilakukan dengan bahan alam yang memiliki aktivitas menghambat pertumbuhan atau membunuh bakteri Jayani et al, 2018. Oleh karena itu, pengembangan sabun cuci tangan dengan berbahan dasar tanaman khas Kalimantan Tengah menjadi salah satu peluang yang dapat menjadi sektor ekonomi untuk masyarakat setempat, terutama masyarakat muda yang memiliki peluang sebagai pelaku usaha ekonomi kreatif selain dalam aspek kesehatan dan keterampilan. ...ABSTRAK Abstrak Pandemi COVID-19 telah mengubah kebiasan kehidupan di masyarakat termasuk menjaga kebersihan tangan melalui cuci tangan termasuk di lingkungan sekolah. Keterbatasan dalam mendapatkan akses pendidikan dan pelatihan selama pandemi ini melanda menjadikan siswa sekolah memerlukan kegiatan di luar sekolah untuk meningkatkan keterampilan sebagai bekal tambahan. Pengabdian ini bertujuan untuk meningkatkan pengetahuan siswa SMA dalam pembuatan sabun antiseptik cair dengan bahan dasar tanaman rambusa Kalimantan Tengah. Pengabdian dilakukan kepada siswa/i SMA Muhammadiyah 1 Palangka Raya dengan melakukan pelatihan pembuatan sabun antiseptik cair secara daring dan luring terhadap 24 peserta. Evaluasi kegatan dilakukan melalui asessmen awal dan akhir berupa pemberian instrumen kuisioner kepada peserta pelatihan. Hasil menunjukkan telah terjadi peningkatan pengetahuan siswa/i SMA Muhammadiyah 1 Palangka Raya sebesar 30,4%. Abstract The COVID-19 pandemic has changed the habits of life in the community, including maintaining hand hygiene through hand washing, including in the school environment. Limitations in getting access to education and training during this pandemic have made school students need activities outside of school to improve skills as additional provisions. This service aims to increase the knowledge of high school students in making liquid aniseptic soap with plant-based ingredients typical of Central Kalimantan. The service was carried out to students of SMA Muhammadiyah 1 Palangka Raya by conducting online and offline training on making liquid antiseptic soap for approximately 24 participants. Activity evaluation is carried out through initial and final assessments in the form of giving a questionnaire instrument to the training participants. The results show that there has been an increase in knowledge of students at SMA Muhammadiyah 1 Palangka Raya by Fakta menyebutkan bahwa sekitar 80 persen dari seluruh kasus penyakit ditularkan melalui sentuhan tangan. Hal ini dikarenakan tangan merupakan anggota tubuh yang paling sering menyentuh mata, hidung dan mulut yang merupakan media masuknya virus kedalam tubuh manusia [2]. Tetapi permasalahan muncul ketika tidak semua orang mau dan terbiasa mencuci tangan, apalagi mencuci tangan sesuai dengan standar protokol kesehatan Ada beberapa alasan yang membuat rendahnya kepatuhan dan keinginan untuk mencuci tangan diantaranya kurangnya pemahaman, tidak ingin direpotkan dengan aktivitas cuci tangan, kesibukan, lupa, tidak peduli kesehatan dan lain-lain. ...Andrizal AndrizalYultrisna YultrisnaJunaldi JunaldiAnton AntonWashing hands is an activity that should be routinely carried out by every individual, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic like today. There are many factors that make someone feel lazy and don't want to wash their hands, one of which is not wanting to be bothered by hand washing activities such as taking soap, turning the faucet and others. Experiments have been carried out in the form of testing the response of the sensor to detect the user's hand based on the distance and the reading angle. Furthermore, the ability to set the delay time for rubbing hands is tested to activate the water tap pump for rinsing. Based on the results of trials and analyzes carried out, the sensor response is obtained at a minimum distance of 4 cm and a maximum distance of 140 cm with a view or response area of 1100 horizontal positions and 850 in the vertical position. The water pump and soap pump are active for 3 seconds when the user's hand is detected by the sensor approaching the end of the water tap. The water tap pump comes back on after being delayed for 23 seconds, and the system is able to operate 100% automatically. Thus the minimum time for users to rub their hands for 20 seconds according to health standard protocols can be ini memanfaatkan limbah kulit lemon yang sebelumnya hanya sebagai sampah yang tidak ada nilai jualnya menjadi berharga atau mempunyai nilai jual dengan menjadikannya minyak atsiri untuk diaplikasikan dalam pembuatan sabun cair. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh konsentrasi pelarut pada proses ekstraksi minyak atsiri dan jenis kulit lemon lokal terhadap rendemen dan karakteristik sabun cair. Penelitian ini menggunakan Rancangan Acak Kelompok RAK dengan dua faktor, yaitu jenis kulit lemon segar atau kering dan konsentrasi pelarut metanol yang digunakan yaitu 100%, 85%, dan 70%, kemudian dilakukan dua ulangan setiap perlakuan. Adapun pengujian yang dilakukan adalah jumlah rendemen pada minyak atsiri, uji pH sabun cair, uji stabilitas busa, dan uji organoleptik hedonik yang meliputi aroma sabun cair, warna sabun cair, kejernihan sabun cair, dan viskositas sabun cair. Pada penelitian ini dapat disimpulkan bahwa perbedaan interaksi antara jenis bahan dan konsentasi pelarut metanol tidak berpengaruh nyata signifikan pada taraf 5% dan 1% terhadap seluruh pengujian. Perbedaan jenis bahan memberikan pengaruh sangat nyata signifikan pada 1% terhadap rendemen minyak dan nyata 5% pada pH sabun cair,serta perbedaan konsentrasi pelarut metanol yang berpengaruh nyata signifikan pada 1% terhadap rendemen dan kejernihan, serta pada nyata 5% pada pH dan aroma sabun cair. Perlakuan terbaik didapatkan oleh B1C3 dengan karakteristik rendemen pH tinggi busa aroma warna kejernihan dan viskositas Adindaputri U Nunuk PurwantiIvan Arie WahyudiStreptococcus mutans merupakan bakteri yang berperan sebagai agen utama penyebab karies gigi, yang memiliki enzim glukosiltransferase GTF. Enzim GTF akan mengubah sukrosa menjadi fruktosa dan glukan. Salah satu herbal tradisional yang dapat berperan sebagai antibakteri adalah kulit jeruk nipis Citrus aurantifolia Swingle yang mengandung polifenol terutama flavonoid. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui pengaruh ekstrak kulit jeruk nipis Citrus aurantifolia Swingle konsentrasi 10% terhadap aktivitas enzim GTF Streptococcus mutans. Penelitian ini menggunakan ekstrak kulit jeruk nipis konsentrasi 10% sebagai perlakuan, chlorhexidine gluconate 0,12% sebagai kontrol positif, serta akuades steril sebagai kontrol negatif. Metode penelitian ini terdiri dari tiga tahap yaitu penyiapan ekstrak kulit jeruk nipis konsentrasi 10%, penyiapan enzim GTF dari supernatan Streptococcus mutans, dan pengujian aktivitas enzim GTF melalui analisis konsentrasi fruktosa dengan menggunakan High Performance Liquid Chromatography HPLC. Pembacaan luas area fruktosa dilakukan berdasarkan waktu retensi. Satu unit aktivitas enzim GTF di definisikan sebagai 1 µmol fruktosa/ml dari enzim/jam. Selanjutnya data yang diperoleh dianalisis secara statistik dengan one way perhitungan aktivitas enzim GTF dengan one way ANOVA menunjukkan perbedaan yang signifikan antara kelompok perlakuan dengan kelompok kontrol negatif pThe antimicrobial effect of crude extract of lime Citrus aurantifolia was assayed against different bacterial species by agar well diffusion method. The highest inhibition zone of 28 mm was observed in Vibrio cholerae followed by Enterobacter species 9mm, Citrobacter species 8mm and Escherichia coli 8mm. Shigella , Salmonella and Klebsiella species were found resistant. So the study was mainly focused on V. cholerae . Different concentrations of the crude extract such as 75%, 50%, 25% and 5% were tested to calculate the minimum amount that inhibits the bacteria which showed the zone of inhibition ZOI as 31mm, 24mm, 17mm and 9mm respectively. The minimum bactericidal concentration MBC ranged from mg/l to 50 mg/l. This result suggests that citrus fruit like limes are effective in preventing infection with Vibrio species. Key words Agar well; Crude extract; Minimum bactericidal concentration; Zone of inhibition. DOI Scientific World 2010 essential oil of Citrus aurantifolia Christm Swingle fruits limes was studied for its potential spasmolytic effects in relation to its chemical composition. The essential oil, extracted by hydrodistillation HD, was analyzed by GC-FID and GC-MS. The antispasmodic activity was evaluated on isolated rabbit jejunum, aorta and uterus. The results indicated that the essential oil of C. aurantifolia possesses important spasmolytic properties, which are likely to be due to its major constituents, limonene beta-pinene gamma-terpinene and citral reversed phase HPLC method for separation and quantification of organic acids oxalic, citric, tartaric, malic, ascorbic and lactic acids in fruit juices was developed. The chromatographic separation was performed with a Surveyor Thermo Electron system at 10°C by using potassium dihydrogen orthophosphate buffer pH as mobile phase, an Hypersil Gold aQ Analytical Column and diode array detection at λ=254 nm for ascorbic acid and λ=214 nm for the other organic acids. Organic acid profiles of ten species of Citrus sweet orange, minneola, clementine, mandarin orange, pomelo, lemon, lime, sweetie, white and pink grapefruit were established. Species significantly affect the organic acid distribution of citrus fruit juices. In all citrus juices, the most abundant organic acid was citric acid, ranging from to g/l. Citrus juices are good sources of ascorbic acid g/l. Average ascorbic acid was the highest in lemon juice followed by sweet orange juice, sweetie and white adsorption, micelle formation, and salting out of sodium dodecyl sulfate in the presence of sodium chloride were studied from the viewpoint of their mixed adsorption and aggregate formation. The surface tension of aqueous solutions of a sodium chloride-sodium dodecyl sulfate mixture was measured as a function of the total molality and composition of the mixture. Phase diagrams of adsorption and aggregate formation were obtained by applying thermodynamic equations to the surface tension. Judging from the phase diagrams, sodium chloride and sodium dodecyl sulfate are miscible in the adsorbed film at very large composition of sodium chloride and in the salted-out crystalline particle, while they are immiscible in the micelle. The miscibilities in the adsorbed film, micelle, and crystalline particle increase in the following order particle > adsorbed film > micelle. The difference in miscibility among the oriented states was ascribed to the difference in geometry between the adsorbed film and micelle and to the interaction between bilayer surfaces in the MalmstenThis reference features the latest findings surrounding the physicochemical aspects of surfactant and polymer systems to facilitate the design and understanding of novel and advanced drug delivery formulations. It covers the basics of surfactant and polymer surface activity and self-assembly, the various types of structures formed by such compounds, and how they may be used in drug delivery. It also discusses solubilization of drugs in micellar systems, liquid crystalline phases formed by PEO-PPO-PEO block copolymers and other copolymers and surfactants, triggered drug-release from liposome formulations, microemulsions formed by ionic and nonionic surfactants, and much G. ChisholmMatthew A. WilsonGina M. GaskeyThe most intense aroma volatiles of extracted and distilled oils from the peels of key lime Citrus aurantifolia Swingle were identified using gas chromatography–olfactometry GC–O and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry GC–MS. Over 50 odour-active volatiles were detected in the extracted oil, and over 60 in the distilled oil. Geranial, neral and linalool were found to dominate the lime oil aroma in both oils, which accounted for their fresh, floral citrus-like character. Many simple aldehydes contributed to the aroma of the extracted oil, giving it a characteristic lime tone. The distilled oil contained many new odourants, resulting from the acid-catalysed distillation, which imparted woody, musty, spicy and balsamic notes to its aroma. These are C10 alcohols and ethers and many sesquiterpenes, most of which possess lower odour activity and contribute to the more intense piney aroma of the distilled oil. 7-Methoxycoumarin was found to be one of the more intense odourants in the extracted oil. Caryophyllene oxide and humulene oxide II were found to be major odourants in the distilled oil; their intensities varied with the method of analysis of the oil. They contribute a sawdust-like and skunky odour, respectively, to the distilled lime oil. Many sesquiterpenes were found to possess some odour activity. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, properties of sodium dodecyl sulfate SDS aggregates in saline solutions of excess sodium chloride NaCl or calcium chloride CaCl2 ions were studied through extensive molecular dynamics simulations with explicit solvent. We find that the ionic strength of the solution affects not only the aggregate size of the resulting anionic micelles but also their structure. Specifically, the presence of CaCl2 induces more compact and densely packed micelles with a significant reduction in gauche defects in the SDS hydrocarbon chains in comparison with NaCl. Furthermore, we observe significantly more stable salt bridges between the charged SDS head groups mediated by Ca2+ than Na+. The presence of these salt bridges helps stabilize the more densely packed NakagakiShoko YokoyamaThe acid-catalyzed hydrolysis of sodium dodecyl sulfate 1 and the effect of 1-dodecanol 2 on this hydrolysis were investigated. The rate of hydrolysis was followed by measuring the rate of production of HSO-4 using a pH-stat. The rate constant kH+ below the critical micelle concentration CMC increased with increasing concentrations of 2, up to a mole ratio of for 2 to 1, after which the hydrolysis rate was independent of the concentration of 2. These results suggest the possible formation of a complex between 1 and 2. A micellar solution of pure sodium dodecyl sulfate 20 mM hydrolyzed 50 times faster than that of a premicellar solution at the same pH. Plots of log k versus pH were linear with a slope of -1 at pH less than At a constant pH, the addition of NaCl resulted in a decrease in the rate of hydrolysis of a micellar solution. This is probably due to the reduction of concentration of protons at the micelle surface. Furthermore, kH+ was also decreased by the addition of 2 in the region where 2 is solubilized in the micelle; again, this was probably due to the reduction of the charge density sigma on the surface of the Daya Hambat Air Perasan Buah Jeruk Nipis Citrus aurantifolia SA RazakD AzizRazak A, Aziz D, Gusti R. Uji Daya Hambat Air Perasan Buah Jeruk Nipis Citrus aurantifolia S. - Jeruk nipis merupakan salah satu buah dengan kandungan vitamin C yang dapat meningkatkan imunitas tubuh. Jeruk nipis kaya akan vitamin C, menyediakan lebih dari 20 persen vitamin C untuk kebutuhan harian. Buah yang memiliki rasa asam ini selain nikmat ketika dibuat minuman, jeruk nipis juga terkenal sebagai salah satu bumbu dapur khas Indonesia. Penggunaan jeruk nipis sering dipakai untuk masakan berkuah. Biasanya, untuk satu porsi masakan digunakan satu buah jeruk nipis. Dapatkan Sunlight Professional Sabun Cuci Piring Cair Jeruk Nipis Jerigen Caranya cukup diperas diambil sari airnya saja. Namun, manfaat jeruk nipis bukan hanya untuk kesehatan dan bumbu dapur saja. Jeruk nipis ternyata juga dapat membantu pekerjaan rumah menjadi lebih mudah. Berikut manfaat jeruk nipis untuk keperluan rumah tangga, dilansir dari berbagai sumber. 1. Membersihkan noda lemak membandel di piring Noda lemak di piring dapat dihilangkan dengan jeruk nipis. Jika sulit mencuci piring berminyak dengan sabun, kamu dapat memanfaatkan jeruk nipis. Caranya, campurkan jeruk nipis pada sabun pencuci piring. Kemudian, usapkan pada piring yang bernoda bekas minyak. Selain cara tersebut, kamu juga dapat menggunakan jeruk nipis dan garam. Tambahkan garam pada potongan jeruk nipis yang akan diperas. Kemudian, peras jeruk nipis yang sudah digarami tadi ke bagian piring yang berminyak. Selain mengangkat minyak, proses ini juga dapat menghilangkan bau. Lalu, bersihkan kembali dengan sabun dan bilas hingga bersih. 2. Menghilangkan kerak di kompor Kompor yang sering digunakan untuk memasak, akan menghasilkan tumpukan kerak hitam di tungku. Hal tersebut diakibatkan dari sisa proses pembakaran yang terjadi. Bila tak dibersihkan, tentu terasa sangat mengganggu. Nah, kamu dapat memanfaatkan jeruk nipis untuk menghilangkan kerak pada kompor. Caranya, potong jeruk nipis menjadi dua bagian, lalu gosokkan bagian dalamnya ke bagian kerak kompor. Namun sebelum itu, pastikan kamu sudah menggosok bagian berkerak dengan garam dapur. Jika semua kerak sudah terlepas, bersihkan dengan kain bersih. Baca juga Mengapa Jeruk Nipis Digunakan sebagai Bahan Dasar Sabun Pencuci Piring? Ternyata Ini Alasannya 3. Menghilangkan bau kulkas Ilustrasi kulkas Pixabay/Pexels Pernahkah kulkas di rumahmu menimbulkan bau tak sedap? Terkadang, sayuran yang layu atau membusuk di dalam kulkas dapat mengeluarkan aroma yang tak sedap. Bahkan, juga dapat mengotori kulkas karena mengeluarkan cairan bening. Nah, untuk mengatasinya, kamu dapat menggunakan jeruk nipis. Caranya mudah, belah jeruk nipis menjadi dua bagian. Lalu, usapkan ke seleuruh bagian dalam kulkas. Diamkan selama 10 menit, kemudian lap dengan kain bersih. 4. Membersihkan permukaan wastafel Ilustrasi wastafel Bila permukaan wastafel di rumahmu kotor, gunakan jeruk nipis untuk membersihkannya. Caranya, cukup siramkan perasan jeruk nipis ke permukaan wastafel. Lalu, taburkan garam ke permukaan yang sama. Setelah itu, gosok seluruh permukaan wastafel sampai bersih. Terakhir, bilas dengan air mengalir. Baca juga Tips Membersihkan Wastafel Dapur Hanya dengan Bahan-bahan Rumahan 5. Menghilangkan bau pada pipa wastafel Wastafel memang mudah menimbulkan bau tak sedap karena meninggalkan banyak kotoran, seperti sisa makanan, minuman, pasta gigi dan lainnya. Kotoran yang menumpuk di sana dapat tertahan di saluran pipi, sehingga menimbulkan bau tak sedap. Kamu dapat memanfaatkan kulit jeruk untuk membersihkannya. Gunakan juga baking soda dan cuka agar lebih maksimal. Caranya, tuangkan satu cangkir baking soda ke dalam pipa wastafel. Kemudian, tuangkan setengah cangkir cuka ke tempat yang sama. Lalu, tuang campuran perasan jeruk nipis dan air. Diamkan semua larutan 3 bahan tadi beberapa saat. Setelah itu, tuangkan satu panci kecil berisi air mendidih ke saluran pipa. *Selanjutnya - Jeruk nipis dikenal sebagai buah yang kaya manfaat. Selain bermanfaat untuk kesehatan seperti meningkatkan sistem kekebalan tubuh, membantu proses detoksifikasi, menurunkan berat badan dan lainnya, jeruk nipis juga bermanfaat sebagai bahan pembersih. Oleh sebab itu, tak heran jika banyak produk sabun pencuci menggunakan bahan dasar ini, salah satunya sabun pencuci piring. Buah ini dipercaya mampu membersihkan piring dan perabotan lainnya dari lemak bekas makanan. Dilansir dari pada Sabtu 14/7/2018, jeruk nipis memang memiliki banyak khasiat sebagai bahan dasar sabun pencuci piring. Berikut ini alasan mengapa jeruk nipis digunakan sebagai bahan dasar sabun pencuci piring. 1. Membersihkan lemak dengan cepat Jeruk nipis mampu membersihkan lemak dengan cepat pada piring kotor. Baik buah asli maupun sabun cuci yang mengandung jeruk nipis, ternyata bisa mengatasi hal tersebut.

pemanfaatan kulit jeruk sebagai sabun pencuci piring